Contents – Hypertext/Hypermedia Handbook

	Preface	xiii
	Acknowledgments	xvii
Section 1	Introduction
Chapter 1	What Is Hypertext? by Emily Berk and Joseph Devlin	3
	Nodes and Links – The Nuclear Elements of All Hypertexts	4
	Hypertext Readers, Hypertext Authors	5
	Navigating the Information Web	5
Chapter 2	Why Hypertext? by Joseph Devlin and Emily Berk	9
Chapter 3	A Hypertext Timeline by Emily Berk and Joseph Devlin	13
SECTION II	Types of Hypertexts
Chapter 4	Text-Only Hypertexts by Emily Berk	19
	Not every picture is worth a 1000 words!	19
	Performance	20
	Economy	20
	Ease of Development	21
	Portability	21
Chapter 5	Hypermedia by Oliver Picher, Emily Berk, Joseph Devlin, and Ken Pugh	23
	Hazards and Rewards of Hypermedia	24
	The Media of Hypermedia	27
	Techniques that Make Multimedia Possible	33
	Introduction to the Design of Hypermedia Applications	36
	The Unique Challenges of Producing Hypermedia Applications	39
	Production and Authoring Requirements	48
SECTION III	CONVENTIONS FOR WRITERS/READERS OF HYPERTEXT
Chapter 6	Composing Hypertext: A Discussion for Writing Teachers by John M. Slatin	55
	Defining Hypertext	55
	The Goal of Hypertext	56
	Composing Hypertext	56
Chapter 7	Toward a Paradigm for Reading Hypertexts: Making Nothing Happen in Hypermedia Fiction by Stuart Moulthrop	65
Chapter 8	Selfish Interaction or Subversive Texts and the Multiple Novel by Michael Joyce	79
SECTION IV	AUTOMATIC VS. HAND GENERATION
Chapter 9	Automated Conversion by Rob Riner	95
	The Decision to Automate	95
	Detailed Procedures Involved in Conversion	99
	Detailed Procedures Involved in Conversion	99
	Open Issues for Translation	108
Chapter 10	Automating the Conversion of Text Into Hypertext by Thomas C. Rearick	113
	Automation of Text Preprocessing	114
	Methodologies for Defining Links	115
	Linking By Direct Manipulation	116
	Technologies for Computer Assisted Linking	118
	Alternative Strategies for Improving Productivity	121
	The SmarText Electronic Document Construction Set	123
	SGML and the Future of Text-to-Hypertext Conversion	132
	Example of Automated Link Generation	133
SECTION V	DESIGNING HYPERTEXTS
Chapter 11	Editing to Structure a Reader's Experience by Ben Shneiderman, Charles Kreitzberg, and Emily Berk	143
	Author’s Goals In Structuring a Hypertext	144
	Conflict between Physical and Logical Structure	145
	Description of Hyperties	145
	Size and Configuration of Nodes	146
	Links	152
	Global Structures that Can Help Readers	155
Chapter 12	Structuring Interactive Multimedia Fiction by Geri Gay	165
	Features of Hypermedia Systems	166
	Types of Interactivity	169
	Designing an Interactive Fiction Program	171
	Design Considerations in the El Avion Hispano Program	174
	Guidelines	176
Chapter 13	Tools for Designing Hyperdocuments by Franca Garzotto, Paolo Paolini, Daniel Schwabe, and Mark Bernstein	179
	Authoring in the Large	180
	Prescriptive Approaches to Structuring Large Hypertexts	181
	Constructive Approaches to Structuring Large Hypertexts	184
	A Model-Based Approach	189
	Examples of Hypertext Modeling	193
Chapter 14	Tools for Authoring Hypertexts by Ernest Perez	209
	Tools for Authoring Hypertexts	209
	Text Editors and Word Processors	210
	Graphic Editing Tools	211
	Hypertext-Specific Tools	212
	The Master Plan: A Hypertext Authoring Model	220
SECTION VI	LICENSING AND PROTECTION OF ELECTRONICALLY PUBLISHED INFORMATION
Chapter 15	Intellectual Property and Licensing Concerns by Stephen L. Haynes	227
	Traditional Intellectual Property Factors	227
	Intellectual Property Concerns Unique to Hypertext	232
	Licensing Factors (Author vs. Publisher)	234
	Looking Ahead	240
Chapter 16	Intellectual Property Issues in Multimedia Productions by Stephen Ian McIntosh	243
	Text	243
	Graphics	245
	Still Photos	245
	Film and Video	246
	Music and Sound	247
	Software	252
	Talent	257
Chapter 17	Copyright Considerations of Hypertext Producers: Imaging and Document Conversion by Patrice Lyons, Esq.	259
	Subject Matter of Copyright	260
	Initial Reproductions	262
	Digital Conversion Process	263
	Characteristics of Technology	263
	Derivative Works	265
	Moral Rights of Authors	266
SECTION VII	ISSUES FOR HYPERTEXT READERS: NAVIGATION IN A NON-LINEAR MEDIUM
Chapter 18	Navigating in Hypermedia by Geri Gay and Joan Mazur	271
	Definition of Navigation	271
	Challenges of Navigating Hypermedia Programs	272
	Global Navigation of a Program	272
	Characteristics of Effective Navigational Tools	275
	Research on Navigational Tools for Hypermedia	276
Chapter 19	The Navigation Problem Reconsidered by Mark Bernstein	285
	The Navigation Problem	285
	Does the Navigation Problem Exist?	287
	The Navigation Problem in Linear Texts	287
	Distractions and Deceptions	288
	Deliberate Hypertext Disorientation	289
	Effective Use of Disorientation	293
Chapter 20	Ordering the Information Graph by H. Van Dyke Parunak	299
	Why Do We Need To Order the Information Graph?	300
	How Can We Order the Graph?	301
	What Kinds of Linkage Patterns Are There and How Are They Useful?	305
	What Kinds of Link Types Are There and How Are They Useful?	313
SECTION VI	INTEGRATING HYPERTEXT WITH OTHER TECHNOLOGIES
Chapter 21	Integrating Search and Retrieval with Hypertext by Edward A. Fox, Qi Fan Chen, and Robert K. France	329
	Necessary Capabilities	331
	Progress Toward Unified Access	333
	Previous Work	338
	CODER	339
	Recommendations for Integration	342
Chapter 22	Artificial Intelligence and Hypermedia by Alan Littleford	357
	Intelligent Information Retrieval	357
	The Complications of Hypermedia	363
	Artificial Intelligence	364
	Applying AI to Hypermedia Documentation	368
	It's Deja Vu All Over Again	373
	Theory Into Practice-Hyperbase	373
	Current State of AI and Hypertext	376
	Computer Aided Document Engineering (CADE)	376
SECTION IX	INDUSTRIAL STRENGTH HYPERTEXT
Chapter 23	Toward Industrial Strength Hypermedia by H. Van Dyke Parunak	381
	What's the Problem?	381
	What Does Hypermedia Have To Offer?	387
	What Will It Take to Solve the Problem?	389
Chapter 24	Knowledge-Domain Interoperability and an Open Hyperdocument System by Douglas C. Engelbart	397
	Interoperability in an Individual's Knowledge Workshop	398
	Interoperability in a Group's Knowledge Workshop	399
	Interoperability Across Time and Space	400
	Interoperability Across Knowledge Domains	401
	The Large Matrix Organization	402
	Some General Assumptions	407
	Essential Elements of an OHS	408
	Hyperdocuments In a General Integrated Architecture	410
	The Interoperable OHS Environment	410
	The Interoperability Investment	410
	The OHS Movement	412
Chapter 25	Work Group Automation and Hypertext by Peter M. Benton, and Joseph Devlin	415
	The 90s-The Decade of Work Group Automation	415
	History of Networked Hypertext Systems	416
	Problems and Opportunities Specific To Networked Hypertext	417
	Examples of Complex Collaborative Efforts	420
SECTION X	THE FUTURE OF HYPERTEXT
Chapter 26	Standards for Hypertext by Joseph Devlin	437
	Standardizing Content: Borrowing Existing Standards	438
	User Interface	441
	Are There Hypertext-Specific Standards?	441
Chapter 27	Breaking Frames: Hyper-Mass Media by John McDaid	445
	The Media Ecosystem	446
	What Is Hypernedia?	446
	So What?	447
	The Medium Is the Mirage	448
	The Word and Its World	449
	The Text Remains the Same	450
	Hypermedia: Web of Maya or Isis' Net?	452
	The Potential of Hypermedia Discourse	455
Appendix A: Case Studies		459
	Case 1 Hypertext and Journalism: Towards a New Mass Medium by Wayne MacPhail	460
	Case 2 ACM’s Hypertext and Hypermedia Publishing Projects by Edward Fox, Bernard Rous, and Gary Marchionini	465
	Case 3 DaTa Knowledgebase Systems (Deloitte & Touche Accounting & Auditing Knowledgebase Systems) by Bruce I. Winters, Neil Larson, and Anthony Philips	468
	Case 4 ML INFO-An On-Line Multimedia Information Center by Lily Diaz and Halsey Minor 475	460
	Case 5 The Perseus Project by Cynthia J. Bannon	480
	Case 6 PathMAC: An Alternative Approach to Medical School Education at Cornell School of Medicine by Lily Diaz	488
	Case 7 Grapevine Described by Robert Campbell and Patricia Hanlon	493
	Case 8 Guide To Opportunities in Volunteer Archaeology: Case Study on the Use of a Hypertext System in a Museum Exhibit by Catherine Plaisant	498
	Case 9 Rediscovering Pompeii by Ruth Giellman	506
	Case 10 Electronic Music Lover’s Companion: An Interactive Guide to Classic Electronic Music by Thom Holmes	512
	Case 11 If Monks Had Macs … by Brian Thomas	519
	Case 12 Xanadu by Harold Berk	524
	Case 13 Storyspace: Hypertext and the Process of Writing by Mark Bernstein	529
Appendix B: A Hypertext Glossary by Emily Berk		535
Appendix C: Hypertext and Hypermedia: A Selected Bibliography by Terence Harpold		555
Index		573